Types of Citations: Footnotes, Source Lines, and Bibliographies

Citations can appear in three main forms: footnotes (or endnotes),source lines, and bibliographies.

Each form contains similar information arranged in a different way. The following sections provide details about each form.

Footnotes and Endnotes

Footnotes and endnotes have the same function—to cite the exact page of a source you refer to

in your paper. The only difference between footnotes and endnotes is placement: footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, whereas endnotes appear at the end of the document.

The main characteristics of footnotes and endnotes are as follows:

• They are preceded by a number.

• The author's name is in natural order.

• The elements of the citation are separated by commas.

The following examples show a quotation and its corresponding footnote or endnote:

Quotation cited in text

Sahlman says,“Taking advantage of arbitrage opportunities is a viable and potentially profitable way to enter a business.” 32

Corresponding footnote or endnote

32 William A. Sahlman,“How toWrite a Great Business Plan,” Harvard Business Review 75

(July–August 1997): 103.

Source Lines

Source lines typically appear under figures, tables, charts, and other graphics. Source lines should acknowledge the source of the graphic, or the data that was used to create it. A source line begins with the word Source and continues with the same information that would appear in a footnote or endnote.

The following are some examples of source lines:

Source: Jon F.Thompson, CycleWorld, vol. 35, no. 6 (June 1996), p. 23.

Source: “Worldwide Semiconductor Shipments,” Semiconductor Industry AssociationWeb site,

http://www.sia-online.org/downloads/ww_shipments.pdf, accessed June 2004.

Source: Compiled from Bloomberg LP,Thomson Datastream, LexisNexis, and SEC filings data, May 2001.

Source: Casewriter's diagram based on Rhythms NetConnections, Inc. price data for April 7, 1999

through April 30, 2001 , obtained fromThomson Datastream, accessed June 2003.

Bibliographies

A bibliography lists all of the references you used to create a research paper. The bibliography

appears at the end of the paper, after the endnotes, if any.

If you have included footnotes (or endnotes) and source lines in your paper, then you do not need

to include a bibliography unless your professor has requested one.

Bibliographies have the following formatting conventions:

• The first author's name is inverted (last name first),and most elements are separated

by periods.

• Entries have a special indentation style in which all lines but the first are indented.

• Entries are arranged alphabetically by the author's last name, or by the first word of the title

if no author is listed.

Bibliographies typically appear in documents that use the author-date style of citation, which is not shown here for space reasons. The following is an example of the author-date style:

(Calabrese and Loften,2000)

Bibliography entry: Calabrese,Edward,and Peter Loften (2000).“The chronic effects of fluoride

on the estuarine amphipods,” Water Research 16:1313-17.

For more information about the author-date style of citations,see chapters 16 and 17 in

The Chicago Manual of Style,15th.ed.